The lightbulb moment behind a potential antiviral breakthrough
Dr Merja Joensuu (R) and a colleague, look at cells through a microscope.
(Photo credit: The University of Queensland )
An unexpected observation by a University of Queensland researcher could lead to a new treatment for deadly infectious diseases including COVID‑19, pneumonia in infants and children, or viral infections caused by Ebola and hantavirus.
UQ neuroscientist and biochemist Dr Merja Joensuu, said the idea came while working on unrelated research.
“We were studying how certain processes work inside the human brain when I noticed a disruption in a pathway that numerous human viruses rely on to spread from one cell to the next,” Dr Joensuu, from UQ’s Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology said.
“That was the lightbulb moment.
“We realised that if we interfere with that pathway, we might be able to stop viruses from forming properly.”
With her collaborator Professor Giuseppe Balistreri from the University of Helsinki, the research team searched for a compound that could inhibit this pathway and found one currently being trialled as a cancer treatment.
Human enzyme N‑myristoyltransferase 1 (NMT1), which helps direct where proteins are located and how they function within human cells, was the compound’s target.
“Viruses can’t reproduce on their own, so they hijack human cells to make new copies,” Professor Balistreri said.
“This drug disrupts how the cell functions, causing new viruses to be assembled incorrectly.
“The virus doesn’t know this and keeps making and releasing less-effective versions of itself, which would give the immune system time to clean up the infection,” he said.
Illustration of a normal virus (L) and one produced when NMT1 is inhibited (R).
In laboratory studies, the researchers tested the drug against a range of viruses in cell cultures including SARS‑CoV‑2 (which causes COVID‑19), respiratory syncytial virus, a major cause of pneumonia in infants, and vesicular stomatitis virus, which causes disease in cattle, horses and occasionally humans.
They found infection levels dropped by about half after 1 day, and by up to 90 per cent after 2 days.
“The reduction is quite striking,” Dr Joensuu said.
“The study also suggests this strategy could potentially work on viruses with high mortality rates and long incubation time like Ebola and hantavirus.
“All viruses rely on exploiting host cell processes to replicate and spread.
“Because we are interfering with the host cell instead of directly targeting the virus, there is less chance of it mutating and building resistance to the drug.”
Researchers emphasised the drug is not yet approved for this use, with further studies needed to confirm safety and effectiveness, but Dr Joensuu said it showed a lot of promise.
“You can imagine that this could be a very effective antiviral, for example with treating respiratory conditions, used in the form of a nasal spray or an inhaler,” she said.
Read the research is published in Nature Communications.
Collaboration and acknowledgements
This research was supported by the facilities and staff at the Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis and the Queensland Node of Metabolomics and Proteomics Australia, both of which are housed at the AIBN and funded the Australian Government’s National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS).
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